Not every corn grows the same. These are its main types (its cultivar groups), and the planner sizes, times and supports each one by its own numbers.
Sweet corn — one upright stem, mature spread 45 cm18 in
Supersweet corn — one upright stem, mature spread 45 cm18 in
Popcorn — one upright stem, spacing in row 20 cm8 in, mature spread 45 cm18 in, days to maturity 85–120
Ornamental corn — one upright stem, mature spread 45 cm18 in
Numbers we’re less sure of
Many of our estimates come from an extension page we’ve read that gets close without pinning the number down. Others are still our own best guess, and on some the sources disagree. Treat them all as a starting point.
Growing-degree days to maturity — an estimate
How many vines it can carry — an estimate
Soil pH (in water) — an estimate
Popcorn: days to maturity — an estimate
Popcorn: spacing in row — an estimate
Smallest block that pollinates — an estimate
Spacing between rows — an estimate
Mature height — an estimate
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Mature spread — an estimate
Sweet corn: monthly temperatures it grows in — an estimate
Supersweet corn: monthly temperatures it grows in — an estimate
Popcorn: monthly temperatures it grows in — an estimate
Rules that apply to corn
Corn needs a block of at least three short rows side by side for good kernel set, and four rows is better. Well established
Corn needs a block of at least three short rows side by side for good kernel set, and four rows is better.
If you skip this, the planting fails. The planner won’t allow it.
How it works: Maize is wind-pollinated and protandrous (each plant sheds its pollen before its own silks are ready). Tassels shed pollen that must land on the silks of neighboring plants. In a single row much of the pollen blows out of the row, and each silk it misses is one missing kernel.
Evidence: checked against 5 sources in the research-based literature.
Always plant corn in blocks of at least four rows. Corn planted in a single row will have much of its pollen blown out of the row, and will produce ears that have blank areas where kernels did not form.
This crop is wind-pollinated; therefore, plant in blocks of several rows rather than 1 or 2 long rows to ensure full ears.
richmond.ces.ncsu.edu
Glass Gem CornNC State Extension, Richmond County Center
When tassels start dropping pollen, stalks can be gently shaken. This mimics wind and will release the pollen to float down to the silks.
Remedy
Plant corn in a block of several short rows rather than one long row; four rows is best. For a small patch, shake the stalks gently while the tassels shed pollen, or dust a cut tassel over the silks, every few days. Or leave corn out and give the beans a trellis.
If you skip this, the planting fails. The planner won’t allow it.
How it works: The season's accumulated growing degree days (a running total of its warmth) against the total the crop needs to mature, or the crop's days to maturity against the number of frost-free days.
Evidence: checked against 3 sources in the research-based literature.
Once you know the average dates of the last frost in spring and the first frost in fall, count the number of days between. If the “days to maturity” figure for a desired vegetable is a larger number of days and the “frost tolerance” column indicates “none,” the sad truth is that particular vegetable probably won’t grow to maturity.
… high elevation areas don’t accumulate enough “growing degree units” (GDUs, also called growing degree days and heat units) to support some of the most coveted warm season vegetables
Remedy
Start it indoors and transplant it, choose a variety with fewer days to maturity, or skip this crop at this site.
Two kinds of corn tasseling together spoil each other's kernels. Sweet corn pollinated by popcorn, field or ornamental corn goes starchy, and supersweet pollinated by any other corn loses its sugar. Keep different corn types 250 feet apart or 14 days apart in tasseling. Promising
Two kinds of corn tasseling together spoil each other's kernels. Sweet corn pollinated by popcorn, field or ornamental corn goes starchy, and supersweet pollinated by any other corn loses its sugar. Keep different corn types 250 feet apart or 14 days apart in tasseling.
If you skip this, you lose real yield. The planner warns you.
How it works: Corn is wind-pollinated and the pollen parent sets the kernel's endosperm (xenia), so a sweet-corn ear fertilized by a starchy type stores starch, and a supersweet ear fertilized by any other type reverts to the toughness of field corn. Standard, sugary-enhanced and synergistic sweet corns need no isolation from each other.
Evidence: checked against 7 sources in the research-based literature.
Isolate ornamental corn from sweet corn and field corn to prevent cross-pollination. Isolation can be achieved by planting the different types of corn at least 250 feet from one another
If sweet corn is planted downwind of popcorn or field corn, kernels will be starchy instead of sweet.
Remedy
Grow one kind of corn per garden, or separate kinds by at least 250 feet, or stagger sowings so their tasseling is at least 14 days apart; popcorn takes a month longer, so sow it first.
Cold-hardy annuals can be sown or transplanted before the last spring frost (hardy crops about three weeks before, half-hardy about two weeks before). Tender crops wait for the frost itself. Promising
Cold-hardy annuals can be sown or transplanted before the last spring frost (hardy crops about three weeks before, half-hardy about two weeks before). Tender crops wait for the frost itself.
If you skip this, it still grows, just less well. The planner suggests it.
How it works: Cold hardiness. Hardy crops tolerate hard frost and half-hardy crops tolerate light frost, so they can occupy the ground weeks before frost-tender crops are allowed in. The offset is measured from the last spring frost.
Evidence: checked against 2 sources in the research-based literature.
If you skip this, the planting fails. The planner warns you.
How it works: On a clear, still night leaves lose heat to the open sky, so a leaf can fall to freezing and ice can form in it while the thermometer, a couple of meters up, still reads a few degrees above.
Evidence: checked against 7 sources in the research-based literature.
Frost occurs when air is warmer than 32°F but plant tissues drop to 32°F or below because plants radiate (lose) heat into the atmosphere, especially during cool, clear nights.
Radiation frosts occur on calm clear nights that lack cloud cover to hold in heat.
Remedy
The evening before, cover the crops at risk with a sheet or frost cloth, never plastic, reaching the ground and loose at the bottom so the soil's warmth can rise under it, and take it off in the morning. A cover helps least in a long, hard freeze.
If you skip this, you lose real yield. The planner suggests it.
How it works: A crop grows and makes its harvest within a band of warmth: in months colder than its band it grows too slowly to finish, and in months hotter than it a cool-season crop bolts and turns bitter while a warm-season crop drops its flowers.
Evidence: checked against 9 sources in the research-based literature.
Hold the Tomatoes!UC Master Gardeners of Monterey, San Benito and Santa Cruz Counties, Jazmin Lopez
Average monthly temperatures for cool-season crops during their growing period: 60-65F. This includes, carrots, parsnips, spinach, lettuce, broccoli, and garlic to name a few.
Group D: These vegetables thrive in areas where the mean monthly temperatures range between 15 and 18°C. They are intolerant to temperatures between 21 and 24°C, and tolerate weak frosts. This group includes spinach, lettuce, broccoli, beetroot, Brussels sprout, cabbage, radish, rhubarb and watercress.
In the Top End climate lettuce plantings are restricted to the cooler months from April till July. Hot weather makes the plants to bolt, as they do not form a head but flower instead.
If you skip this, you lose real yield. The planner suggests it.
How it works: A crop grows at the pace its days to maturity assume only in months at least as warm as the low end of its band, and in cooler months it grows too slowly to finish, so a frost-free season of cool months can end before the crop is ready.
Evidence: not yet confirmed. It is cited to 8 sources, which a person has yet to read.
Hold the Tomatoes!UC Master Gardeners of Monterey, San Benito and Santa Cruz Counties, Jazmin Lopez
Average monthly temperatures for warm season crops during their growing period: 65-80F. This includes melons, corn, eggplant, peppers, squash, and tomatoes.
Eggplant needs warm conditions, and will not thrive during a cool season. There are varieties available that thrive in Minnesota’s short summer season.
Most seed packets and variety descriptions in catalogs estimate the days from planting to maturity. Add about 10 days to this estimate because of the cooler, shorter days in the fall.
Plus one working note on how the sources were read.
Remedy
Grow it under cover, in a greenhouse, tunnel or cloche; start it early indoors and choose its quickest variety; or grow a crop whose months these are.
A garden planner built on graded evidence. Every claim states its evidence grade and links its sources on the page. Cite it with the grade, and add the date you read it.
