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Quinoa

Chenopodium quinoa · amaranth family

At a glance

Frost
Half hardy
Days to maturity
90–125
Lifespan
Annual
On this page
No photo of this plant yet. We add one once we have a picture we can credit.

When do I plant this? › Plan this in your garden ›

The numbers

Sowing depth
1.3–2.5 cm0.5–1 in (sources disagree)
Mature height
0.5–2 m2–6 ft (sources disagree)
Days to maturity
90–125
Frost tolerance
Half hardy
Lifespan
Annual
Habit
One upright stem

Before you sow

What the seed asks for before it will come up.

Germination soil temperature
7–10 °C45–50 °F
Days to germinate
3–5 days
The 2 sources

hort.purdue.edu

Quinoa Alternative Field Crops Manual (UW-Madison Extension and University of Minnesota, hosted by Purdue NewCROP)

extension.oregonstate.edu

Quinoa Production for the Willamette Valley Oregon State University Extension, EM 9300

At harvest, and in a pot

Ready when
Harvest usually begins when the seed can barely be dented with a fingernail and plants have dried, turned a pale yellow or red color, and leaves have dropped.
The source

hort.purdue.edu

Quinoa Alternative Field Crops Manual (UW-Madison Extension and University of Minnesota, hosted by Purdue NewCROP)

Numbers we’re less sure of

Many of our estimates come from an extension page we’ve read that gets close without pinning the number down. Others are still our own best guess, and on some the sources disagree. Treat them all as a starting point.

Rules that apply to quinoa

Do not plant beets, chard, spinach or amaranth in ground that held them within 3 years. Promising

Do not plant beets, chard, spinach or amaranth in ground that held them within 3 years.

Promising

If you skip this, you lose real yield. The planner warns you.

How it works: Cercospora beticola, the leaf spot of beet, chard and spinach, survives on infested residue and in soil for up to three years and carries over on lambsquarters and pigweed; spinach downy mildew (Peronospora effusa) leaves oospores in the soil for a few years and rides on seed. A three-year break outlasts both.

Evidence: checked against 7 sources in the research-based literature.

The 7 sources

vegetables.cornell.edu

Cercospora Leaf Spot of Table beet Cornell Vegetables
Rotate with non-host crops for at least 3 years

extension.psu.edu

Cercospora Leaf Spot on Table Beets Penn State Extension
Beet growers wishing to prevent Cercospora leaf spot on their farm should implement a 3-year crop rotation featuring non-host crops

umass.edu

Cercospora Leaf Spot of Swiss Chard, Beets, and Spinach UMass Extension
Rotate to non-host crops (outside of the Chenopodium family) for 2-3 years

extension.umd.edu

Cercospora Leaf Spot of Vegetables Univ. of Maryland Extension
Don't plant susceptible crops in the same spot more than once every three years.

umass.edu

Spinach Downy Mildew UMass Extension
Rotate out of spinach for at least 3 years

vegetables.cornell.edu

Spinach Downy Mildew Cornell Vegetables
Rotate out of land where spinach was grown for at least 2-3 years

Do Rotations Matter within Disease Management Programs? Cornell Vegetables

We summarise this source in our notes rather than quote a line from it.

Remedy

Plant them in different ground, or wait until 3 years have passed since this ground last held them. Bury or remove the old leaves, keep lambsquarters and pigweed out of the bed in between, and buy clean seed.

Read the full rule › · open in the planner ›

Cold-hardy annuals can be sown or transplanted before the last spring frost (hardy crops about three weeks before, half-hardy about two weeks before). Tender crops wait for the frost itself. Promising

Cold-hardy annuals can be sown or transplanted before the last spring frost (hardy crops about three weeks before, half-hardy about two weeks before). Tender crops wait for the frost itself.

Promising

If you skip this, it still grows, just less well. The planner suggests it.

How it works: Cold hardiness. Hardy crops tolerate hard frost and half-hardy crops tolerate light frost, so they can occupy the ground weeks before frost-tender crops are allowed in. The offset is measured from the last spring frost.

Evidence: checked against 2 sources in the research-based literature.

The 2 sources

extension.illinois.edu

Time Your Vegetable Plantings by Cold Hardiness University of Illinois Extension
… withstand freezing temperatures and hard frosts without injury

extension.colostate.edu

Vegetable Planting Guide Colorado State Univ. Extension, GardenNotes #720
As early as 2-4 weeks before the date of the average last spring frost

Plus 2 working notes on how the sources were read.

Read the full rule › · open in the planner ›

Frost can form on a night the forecast low is a few degrees above freezing. Promising

Frost can form on a night the forecast low is a few degrees above freezing.

Promising

If you skip this, the planting fails. The planner warns you.

How it works: On a clear, still night leaves lose heat to the open sky, so a leaf can fall to freezing and ice can form in it while the thermometer, a couple of meters up, still reads a few degrees above.

Evidence: checked against 7 sources in the research-based literature.

The 7 sources

www.weather.gov

Frost and Freeze Information NWS Tallahassee
Issued up to 24 hours when temperature is forecast to be between 32° and 36° on nights with calm winds

www.weather.gov

Freeze Watches and Warnings National Weather Service
… temperatures below 28°F for an extended period of time can kill most types of commercial crops and residential plants.

ipm.ucanr.edu

Freezing and Frost UC Statewide IPM Program
Frost occurs when air is warmer than 32°F but plant tissues drop to 32°F or below because plants radiate (lose) heat into the atmosphere, especially during cool, clear nights.

yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu

Fall Planting of Vegetables Iowa State University Yard and Garden, Aaron Steil and Kim Hilgers
Tender crops will be damaged or destroyed by a light frost

extension.sdstate.edu

Fall Frost Tolerance of Common Vegetables SDSU Extension, Rhoda Burrows
Crops from more-temperate regions can withstand light freezes (28 to 32 degrees Fahrenheit):

extension.umn.edu

A Minnesota guide to garden timing UMN Extension, Robin Trott
A light frost (32°F) can damage tender plants, while a hard frost (28°F or colder) will kill most warm-season crops.

extension.colostate.edu

Frost Protection and Extending the Growing Season CSU Extension GardenNotes #722, Whiting, O'Meara and Wilson
Radiation frosts occur on calm clear nights that lack cloud cover to hold in heat.
Remedy

The evening before, cover the crops at risk with a sheet or frost cloth, never plastic, reaching the ground and loose at the bottom so the soil's warmth can rise under it, and take it off in the morning. A cover helps least in a long, hard freeze.

Read the full rule › · open in the planner ›

A cover buys cool-season crops a week or two at the ends of the season. A good hunch

A cover buys cool-season crops a week or two at the ends of the season.

A good hunch

If you skip this, it still grows, just less well. The planner suggests it.

How it works: Soil warmed by the sun by day is the heat source at night; a covering low to the ground traps that heat around the plants on calm, clear nights, keeping them a few degrees above the open air through the light frosts at each end of the season.

Evidence: checked against 6 sources in the research-based literature.

The 6 sources

yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu

All About Cold Frames Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Aaron Steil
The ground and frame of the cold frame are heated by the sun during the day and radiate that heat during the night, keeping the inside warmer. They are used to extend the growing season by two to four weeks in both the fall and the spring, allowing you to start plants outdoors earlier and continue growing them later in the season.

extension.colostate.edu

Frost Protection and Extending the Growing Season CSU Extension GardenNotes #722, Whiting, O'Meara and Wilson
In trials in Fort Collins, Colorado, a plastic cover on a frame typically provides 3°F to over 6°F of frost protection. It works well for cool season crops that are somewhat tolerant of frosty nights and adds two to six weeks or more on both ends of the growing season.

class.ucanr.edu

Frost Protection and Extending the Growing Season CSU Extension GardenNotes #722, Whiting, O'Meara and Wilson
Soil warmed by the sun in the daytime, is the source of heat for frost protection at night. Moist, smooth soil absorbs more heat. To trap heat from the soil around young vegetables at night, place a covering that is low to the ground and spreading. To recharge the heat source for the next night, any covering must allow sunlight to shine through to the soil or must be removed in the daytime.

extension.usu.edu

Extending the Garden Season Utah State University Extension, Beddes, Caron, Hansen and Gunnell
Low = Plant 1–2 weeks before suggested planting date; Medium = 2–4 weeks before suggested planting date; High = 4–8 weeks before average planting date

hort.extension.wisc.edu

Floating Row Cover University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension, Wisconsin Horticulture, Susan Mahr
Depending on the weight of the covering you choose, you can gain between 2 and 8 degrees of frost protection or warm the local environment sufficiently to harvest certain crops a week or two early.

uaex.uada.edu

Row covers for vegetable gardening University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
Clear plastic is useless in providing frost protection because the radiant energy released from the soil on those frosty nights passes right through the covering and never warms the air around the plants.
Remedy

Sow or set out cool-season crops under the cover that many weeks ahead of the open-ground date, and keep autumn crops covered past the usual last call. Vent on sunny days, keep plastic off the leaves, and close the cover before sunset.

Read the full rule › · open in the planner ›

Another 132 rules depend on your own garden, like crop rotation, frost dates, sun, spacing and soil. See them all.

Cite this page

Milpa Gardens. "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)." https://milpa.garden/plants/chenopodium-quinoa/

A garden planner built on graded evidence. Every claim states its evidence grade and links its sources on the page. Cite it with the grade, and add the date you read it.

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