Ciruela

Penn State Extension, 'Bramble Disease - Verticillium Wilt' (Kathy Demchak), extension.psu.edu/bramble-disease-verticillium-wilt (read 2026-07-12): 'Verticillium wilt is caused by two common soilborne fungi (Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum) that have a wide host range'; 'To minimize disease, choose a planting site with no known history of this problem. Avoid land recently planted with tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, peppers, strawberries, raspberries, or stone fruits'; 'There are no effective fungicides for management once the plants are in the ground'; 'The number of years required to eliminate verticillium, especially the resting spores from the soil, is unknown.'

UMass Extension, New England Small Fruit Management Guide, 'Brambles - Diseases', ag.umass.edu/fruit/ne-small-fruit-management-guide/brambles/diseases (read 2026-07-12): 'Verticillium attacks a wide range of plants, including potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant and strawberries. It overwinters in the soil and on plant debris. Do not plant [raspberries following these crops].'; 'Non-host crops such as corn or wheat can help eliminate the fungus if grown for at least 2 years before planting raspberries.'

Host range / persistence corroborated by the source already cited on another rule here: NC State Extension, 'Verticillium Wilt of Tomato and Eggplant' (read 2026-07-11): 'The pathogen can survive in the soil without a host for up to 10 years in the form of structures called microsclerotia'; 'affects more than 300 host families.'

Penn State Extension, 'Bramble Disease - Verticillium Wilt' (Kathy Demchak), extension.psu.edu/bramble-disease-verticillium-wilt (read 2026-07-12): 'To minimize disease, choose a planting site with no known history of this problem. Avoid land recently planted with tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, peppers, strawberries, raspberries, or stone fruits'; 'There are no effective fungicides for management once the plants are in the ground.'

UMass Extension, New England Small Fruit Management Guide, 'Brambles - Diseases', ag.umass.edu/fruit/ne-small-fruit-management-guide/brambles/diseases (read 2026-07-12): 'Verticillium attacks a wide range of plants, including potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant and strawberries.'; 'Non-host crops such as corn or wheat can help eliminate the fungus if grown for at least 2 years before planting raspberries.'

Host range / persistence corroborated by NC State Extension, 'Verticillium Wilt of Tomato and Eggplant' (read 2026-07-11): microsclerotia survive 'up to 10 years' and the pathogen 'affects more than 300 host families.'

Penn State Extension, 'Stone Fruit Disease - Brown Rot', extension.psu.edu/stone-fruit-disease-brown-rot (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): 'Brown rot is caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola. It affects peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums, and cherries'; 'The fungus overwinters in mummies and cankers formed the previous season. The mummies persist in the trees or on the ground over winter'; 'Upon wetting, the spores are forcibly ejected into the air to be blown by the wind to blossoms'; 'Removing all rotted fruit after harvest helps to reduce the amount of fungus overwintering in orchards. In addition, remove dead or cankered wood when pruning.'

UMN Extension, 'Brown rot of stone fruit', extension.umn.edu/plant-diseases/brown-rot-stone-fruit (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): 'Brown rot fungi overwinter in shriveled fruit, infected twigs and branches'; 'Infected fruit produce many fluffy, tan-to-gray spores that can easily spread to other fruit on the same tree and other trees'; 'Before bud break in early spring, remove all shriveled fruit that is still on the trees'; 'Cut out all branches with cankers and remove all twigs that have died from brown rot in February or March.'

Wisconsin Horticulture Extension, 'Brown Rot', hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/brown-rot (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): 'Brown rot is a destructive fungal disease of trees and shrubs in the genus Prunus, which includes peaches, plum, cherries, apricots and nectarines'; 'These fungi may be introduced into a garden via airborne spores produced on nearby wild or volunteer Prunus trees and shrubs. Insects such as sap beetles, vinegar flies and honeybees can also transport spores.'

Univ. of Illinois Extension, 'Fruitfulness and Pollination' (Fruit Trees for Home Gardens), extension.illinois.edu/fruit-trees/fruitfulness-and-pollination (read 2026-08-22): 'Self-fruitful trees may be planted alone or in solid blocks of one variety. Most peach, nectarine, and sour cherry varieties are self-fruitful'; 'A self-unfruitful tree will not set a normal crop of fruits when pollinated by its own pollen or by pollen of another tree of the same variety'; 'Self-unfruitful trees require pollination by pollen from a tree of a different variety'; 'A tree of a self un- fruitful variety should have a pollinator tree planted within 300 feet'; 'European-type plums will not cross pollinate most Japanese type plums'; 'Honey bees are the most important means of transferring pollen between blossoms.'

Iowa State Univ. Extension, 'Pollination Requirements for Tree and Small Fruits', yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/how-to/pollination-requirements-tree-and-small-fruits (read 2026-08-22): 'Fruit trees that require two different varieties for pollination should be planted within 50 to 100 feet of one another to ensure a good fruit set'; 'Apples are considered self-unfruitful. Most apple varieties will set a small crop with their own pollen. For maximum production, however, plant at least two different varieties with overlapping bloom periods to ensure cross-pollination and fruit set'; 'Most flowering crabapples will pollinate nearby apple trees if they bloom at the same time'; 'Most European pears are self-unfruitful. Plant at least two different cultivars for maximum fruit production'; 'European plums are partially to entirely self-fruitful'; 'European plums will not pollinate hybrid plums and vice versa'; 'Tart (also called sour or pie) cherries are self-fruitful'; 'Most peach cultivars are self-fruitful.'

Penn State Extension, 'Pollination Requirements for Various Fruits and Nuts', extension.psu.edu/pollination-requirements-for-various-fruits-and-nuts (read 2026-08-22): 'Apple: Cross-pollination is always needed to produce adequate fruit crop'; 'Pear: A few varieties are self-fruitful, but a pollinizer will improve the crop'; 'Plum: A wide diversity occurs in the plums. About half of the varieties are self-fruitful and half are not. To be on the safe side, pollinizers should be provided'; 'Red tart: The commercial varieties are self-fruitful'; 'Peach: All commercial varieties, except J. H. Hale, are self-fruitful.'