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Zinnia · Zinnia elegans · familia de las asteráceas · USDA PLANTS: ZIVI2 (listed there as Zinnia violacea Cav.)
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Zinia (Zinnia elegans) es una planta anual (familia de las asteráceas).
También se conoce como Common Zinnia.
Lo que la semilla necesita antes de brotar.
Iowa State Extension, 'Germination Requirements of Annuals and Vegetables' (Jauron & Steil, last reviewed Dec 2023), yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/how-to/germination-requirements-annuals-and-vegetables (fetched in-container 2026-09-20, read by the maintainer 2026-09-20 via the batch-3 germination review): the row 'Zinnia (Zinnia elegans)' gives Germination Temperature 70 F = 21 C, stored as the single-value band [21, 21]. FLAGGED ESTIMATED: Iowa State labels this column 'Germination Temperature (°F)' and defines it as 'The ideal air temperature for germination' - an AIR temperature, not a soil temperature, and this field is germination_soil_temp_c. No source read gives zinnia a soil-germination temperature; this is the nearest published germination figure, stored with that caveat. No extension source read gives a pre-sow soak or scarification for zinnia, so no seed_treatment is recorded. [read]
Iowa State Extension, same page and fetch as germination_soil_temp_c (read by the maintainer 2026-09-20): the row 'Zinnia (Zinnia elegans)' gives Days to Germination 5-7. Stored [5, 7]. [read]
Iowa State Extension, same page and fetch (read by the maintainer 2026-09-20): the Zinnia row carries the light code D, defined verbatim as 'D = Require Darkness for Germination. Cover the seed with the germination medium.' So this species germinates in darkness (light_to_germinate false). [read]
These are estimates from general gardening knowledge, or the sources disagree on them, so treat them as a starting point rather than a firm figure.
Mecanismo: Nucleación de hielo en el tejido de la hoja.
Evidence: settled without a trial - climatology.
Siembra o trasplanta después de la fecha de la última helada, o empieza en interiores y trasplanta cuando haya pasado.
Mecanismo: La pudrición basal (Rhizoctonia solani) y el moho blanco de la lechuga (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum y S. minor) sobreviven en el suelo como micelio y esclerocios durante años y se acumulan donde la lechuga se repite; un descanso de tres años mantiene a raya la pudrición basal. Los hongos del moho blanco infectan también aliáceas, brasicáceas, solanáceas, cucurbitáceas y leguminosas, así que una rotación de la lechuga los frena sin matarlos de hambre, y solo los cereales son tierra segura.
Evidence: confirmed against 4 sources in the research-based literature.
Cornell Vegetables, 'Do Rotations Matter within Disease Management Programs?', vegetables.cornell.edu/pest-management/disease-factsheets/do-rotations-matter-within-disease-management-programs (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): its rotation table gives lettuce bottom rot (Rhizoctonia) 3 years and drop (Sclerotinia) 3 years.
NC State Extension, 'Lettuce Drop', content.ces.ncsu.edu/lettuce-drop (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): 'Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor have a wide host range infecting allium (onion, garlic), brassica (cabbage, broccoli), solanaceae (pepper, potato), cucurbits (cucumber, squash), lettuce, and sweetpotato crops'; 'Cereals (maize, wheat, sorghum) are less susceptible to these pathogens'; 'the broad host range of both pathogens significantly limits the efficacy of crop rotation.'
Utah State University Extension, 'Drop (Sclerotinia Rot)', extension.usu.edu/planthealth/ipm/notes_ag/veg-drop-sclerotinia (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): 'The sclerotia can survive dormant in the soil for extended periods'; 'S. sclerotiorum affects a wide range of hosts, including root crops, legumes, and solanaceous crops however, drop is specific to lettuce'; rotate 'with nonsusceptible crops such as grains or corn to reduce disease build-up.'
UMass Vegetable Notes 2024 vol. 36:2, umass.edu/agriculture-food-environment/vegetable/newsletters/vegetable-notes/vegetable-notes-2024-vol-362 (fetched in-container 2026-09-02; read by the maintainer 2026-09-02): bottom rot - 'Rhizoctonia survives in the soil, as mycelium or sclerotia'; lettuce drop - 'It produces sclerotia that can survive in the soil for many years'; 'Its host range includes many vegetables such as tomato and beans.'
Planta la lechuga y su familia en otra tierra, o espera a que pasen 3 años desde la última vez que esta tierra las tuvo. Donde ha aparecido el moho blanco, el descanso que cuenta es uno de granos o maíz, ya que la mayoría de las hortalizas lo portan, y las plantas muertas van a la basura, no a la composta: los esclerocios sobreviven a ella.
Mecanismo: Resistencia al frío. Los cultivos resistentes toleran heladas fuertes y los semirresistentes toleran heladas ligeras, así que pueden ocupar la tierra semanas antes de que se permita la entrada a los cultivos sensibles a las heladas. El desfase se mide desde la última helada de primavera.
Evidence: confirmed against 4 sources in the research-based literature.
University of Illinois Extension, 'Time Your Vegetable Plantings by Cold Hardiness' (2018-03-26), extension.illinois.edu/blogs/ilriverhort/2018-03-26-time-your-vegetable-plantings-cold-hardiness: very hardy vegetables 'withstand freezing temperatures and hard frosts without injury' (planted earliest in spring); frost-tolerant vegetables 'can withstand light frosts, but not freezing temperatures' (planted a couple of weeks later). LLM-summarised from a read of the page; it establishes the CATEGORIES but states no week offsets.
Colorado State Univ. Extension, GardenNotes #720, 'Vegetable Planting Guide', extension.colostate.edu/resource/vegetable-planting-guide (read 2026-07-25): hardy vegetables go in 'As early as 2-4 weeks before the date of the average last spring frost'; semi-hardy 'As early as 0-2 weeks before the date of the average last spring frost'; tender from seed 'around the date of the average last spring frost'; very tender 'Typically 2+ weeks after'. This is the source that states the offsets in weeks.
Where this rule sits in that range: hardy at 3 weeks is mid-range of CSU's 2-4. Half-hardy at 2 weeks is the EARLIEST EDGE of CSU's 0-2 - the most aggressive planting CSU sanctions, not the middle of it. The rule is inside published guidance at both ends, but it leans early on the half-hardy side and a gardener following it in a cold spring is taking that boundary.
Do not import an offset from another publication's hardiness scheme without checking the category names: CSU has no 'very hardy' tier, so a '4-6 weeks before frost' figure written against a four-tier scheme does not describe CSU's 'hardy'. Categories are not comparable across sources.
Mecanismo: Un cultivo sensible a las heladas con muchos días a la cosecha no puede madurar si solo se siembra directamente después de la última helada — la ventana sin heladas es demasiado corta. Una ventaja inicial bajo cubierta compra las semanas que le faltan a la temporada; la plántula solo se trasplanta una vez que ha pasado la helada — la fecha de trasplante sigue dependiendo de la helada.
Evidence: confirmed against 2 sources in the research-based literature.
University of Minnesota Extension, 'Starting seeds indoors', extension.umn.edu/planting-and-growing-guides/starting-seeds-indoors: seed-starting chart gives tomato '5-6 weeks' and pepper and eggplant '9 weeks' before the outdoor planting date (warm crops set out after the last frost). Read 2026-07-19 (LLM-summarised); read by the maintainer 2026-07-25, which is the read that promoted this rule. Note what the corpus's per-crop values do with the sources: tomato 6 sits at the top of Minnesota's '5-6 weeks' and inside Illinois's '6-8'; pepper and eggplant 8 sit BELOW Minnesota's '9 weeks' and at the top of Illinois's '6-8'. They are a reconciliation of two published ranges, not a figure either source prints.
University of Illinois Extension, 'When should I start my seeds?' (2023-02-10), extension.illinois.edu/blogs/good-growing/2023-02-10-when-should-i-start-my-seeds: peppers, tomatoes, and eggplant started '6-8 weeks before the last frost'. Read 2026-07-19.
Otras 119 reglas dependen de tu huerto y no de la planta — rotación de cultivos, fechas de helada, sol, distancia entre plantas y suelo. Velas todas.
Milpa Gardens. "Zinia (Zinnia elegans)." https://milpa.garden/es/plants/zinnia-elegans/
A garden-planning corpus: every claim states its evidence grade and links its sources on the page. Cite it with the grade, and add the date you read it.